Definition, Causes, Signs and Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection

Definition and Causes of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a condition of inflamed urinary system due to bacterial infection. The infection generally starts from the estuarine section urinary infection and the urethra (urethritis) but if not addressed properly then the infection will spread to the bladder (cystitis), ureters (urethritis) and even up to the kidneys (pyelonephritis) (Suciadi, 2010:34).

The types of microorganisms that cause UTI, according to Sudoyo (2006:564) are:

1. Escherichia Coli: 90% of the cause of uncomplicated UTI (simple)
2. Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella: the cause of complicated UTI
3. Enterobacter, staphylococcus epidemidis, enterococci, and-others.
   

Trigger UTI in the elderly by Tessy (2001) are:

1. The remaining urine in the bladder is increased due to the emptying of the bladder is less effective.
2. The mobility decreases.
3. Nutrition is often poor.
4. Decreased immune system, both cellular and humoral.
5. The existence of barriers to the flow of urine.
6. Loss of bactericidal effect of secretions of the prostate.

Signs and symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

1. The pain during urination.
2. Acute Pain : Abdominal pain and lower middle.
3. Colored urine is cloudy and there was blood.
4. Low back pain.
5. Fever to chills.
6. Nausea and vomiting.

Signs and symptoms of UTI at the bottom, according to Smeltzer (2008), namely:

1. Pain is a frequent and burning sensation when urinating.
2. Spasm in the bladder and suprapubic area.
3. Haematuria.
4. Back pain can occur.

Signs and symptoms of upper UTI, according to Smeltzer (2008), namely:

1. Fever and chills.
2. Pelvic and hip pain.
3. Pain when urinating.
4. Malaise and dizziness.
5. Nausea and vomiting.
   

Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

1. Get used to drinking enough water each day, which is 8 glasses a day.
2. Avoid the habit of holding urine.
3. For women, avoid the habit of washing the genitals with a variety of cosmetic products that are not clear or wipe with toilet water of questionable cleanliness.
4. Get used to wipe with the direction from front to rear direction.
5. Get used to relate in a healthy way, women should get used to urinate after intercourse.
6. Keep your genital area.
7. Replace the pads when you are menstruating regularly.
8. Replace regular diaper.
9. Wear underwear made ​​from a comfortable and not too tight
10. Check urine regularly during pregnancy.
11. Complete treatment if you have prostate disease or urinary tract stones.

(Suciadi, 2010:65).

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Nursing Interventions for Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Nursing Diagnosis for Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) :

1. Impaired Urinary Elimination
2. Knowledge Deficit

Nursing Interventions for Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) :

1. Impaired Urinary Elimination related to mechanical obstruction of the bladder or other urinary tract structures.

Expected outcomes are:

• Improved elimination pattern, not the signs urinary disorders (urgency, oliguri, dysuria)

Nursing Interventions Impaired Urinary Elimination of UTI :

a. Monitor input and output characteristics of the urine.
Rational: provides information about renal function and presence of complications

b. Determine the patient's voiding patterns
c. Encourage increased fluid intake
Rationale: increased hydration will flush the bacteria.

d. Review the full bladder complaints
Rational: urinary retention may occur causing tissue distension (bladder / kidney)

e. Observations of changes in mental status:, behavior or level of consciousness
Rational: the accumulation of residual uremic and electrolyte imbalance can be toxic to the central nervous system

f. Unless contraindicated: reposition the patient every two hours
Rational: To prevent static urine

g. Collaboration:
- Monitor laboratory tests: electrolytes, creatinine
Rational: control of renal dysfunction
- Take action to keep the urine acid: increase input berry juice and give medicines to increase urine aam.
Rational: aam urine inhibit the growth of germs. Increased input juice may affect the treatment of urinary tract infections.

2. Knowledge Deficit: about condition, prognosis, and treatment needs related to the lack of sources of information.

Expected outcomes are:

• Expressed understanding of the condition, diagnostic examination, treatment plan, self-care and preventive measures.

Nursing Interventions Knowledge Deficit of UTI :

a. The review process of the disease and hope that will come
Rational: provides basic knowledge which the patient can make an informed choice.

b. Provide information on: sources of infection, measures to prevent the spread, explain the administration of antibiotics, diagnostic examination: objectives, a brief overview, preparation required prior to inspection, examination after treatment.
Rational: knowledge of what is expected to reduce anxiety and help develop client adherence to therapeutic plan.

c. Make sure the patient, or the people closest to have written agreements for continued treatment and written instructions for care after the examination
Rational: verbal instructions can be easily forgotten.

d. Instruct patient to use a given drug, drink as much as approximately eight glasses a day, especially berry juices.
Rationale: Patients often discontinue their medication, if the signs of the disease subsided. Fluids to help flush the kidneys. Pyruvic acid from berry juice helps to maintain the state of the urine acid and prevent bacterial growth.

e. Provide the opportunity for patients to express feelings and concerns about the treatment plan.
Rational: To detect the signal indicative of the possibility of non-compliance and help to develop a therapeutic plan acceptance.

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Acute Pain related to Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the infections that are very common both in men and women. Pains that are unbearable and discomfort go along with urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection is caused by bacteria particularly E. coli that enter the urinary tract, urethra and bladder.

Some symptoms of these are frequent urge to eliminate urine, blood in the urine, pains in the abdomen, and pain every time the patient urinate. Urinary tract infection recovery time differ as its seriousness does.

Generally, these kinds of infections are caused by bacteria from outside the body getting a foothold in the urinary tract. Poor hygiene and sexual intercourse are among the leading ways that these bacteria get in.

Irritants such as catheters can increase the chances of getting a UTI by wearing away at the protective layers of tissue in the urinary tract itself.

Home based or over the counter urinary tract infection remedies include:

• Drink lots of water. This will help flush the system and reduce the bacteria level to the point that your immune system can handle it.
• Avoid sugar, which will help to feed the bacteria.
• Unsweetened cranberry juice is a proven urinary tract infection remedy. Chemicals in the juice help prevent the bacteria from finding a purchase on the urinary tract walls.
• Orange juice and other acidic fruit juices help by increasing the acid content of the urine, which will further inhibit bacterial growth.

Nursing Diagnosis Acute Pain related to Urinary Tract Infection

Results Criteria:

• Patients report no pain during urination.
• There is no tension Bladder
• The patient appeared calm
• Calm expression

Nursing Interventions Acute Pain related to Urinary Tract Infection:

1. Assess the intensity, location, and factors that aggravate or relieve pain.
Rational: Pain is a great sign of infection

2. Provide adequate rest periods and activity levels that can be tolerant.
Rationale: Clients can rest in peace and to relax the muscles

3. Encourage drinking lots of 2-3 liters if no contraindications
Rational: To assist clients in urination

4. Give analgesics according to the therapy program.
Rational: Analgesic block the path of pain

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